Some thoughts on health and healthcare

 Inleiding Deze cheat sheet is geschreven als intern ziekenhuisdocument, voornamelijk voor Belgische artsen in een niet-psychiatrisch ziekenhuis. De belangrijkste bron voor deze cheat sheet is MZG , een verplicht registratiesysteem voor Belgische niet-psychiatrische ziekenhuizen. MZG ondersteunt onder meer organisatie en financiering van de gezondheidszorg (BFM); de registratie gebeurt via Portahealth (PH).  Het Belgisch ziekenhuisdossier moet minimaal diagnoses, onderzoeken, adviezen, behandeling, evolutie, operatie-/anesthesieprotocol en ontslagverslag bevatten; het ontslagverslag moet de continuïteit waarborgen en het dossier moet de diagnostische en therapeutische aanpak getrouw weergeven.  Voor MZG worden administratieve en medische gegevens continu geregistreerd binnen semestriële registratieperiodes; overdracht aan de FOD Volksgezondheid gebeurt uiterlijk vijf maanden na het einde van de registratieperiode, na uitgebreide interne en externe controles en valid...

Abstract A defensible Belgian pathway to Major Diagnostic Categories (MDCs) and Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) based on WHO ICD-11 and WHO ICHI could be built as a three-layer architecture: SNOMED CT for point-of-care clinical semantics, WHO ICD-11 Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (MMS) and WHO International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) for classification of diagnoses and interventions, and a transparent national grouper that consumes standardized episode variables and produces reimbursement classes. That architecture should not assume the existence of an official global SNOMED CT→WHO ICD-11 or SNOMED CT→WHO ICHI reimbursement-grade map. WHO states that the outcome of WHO ICD-11/SNOMED CT mapping collaboration remains under discussion and is not guaranteed, while WHO’s ICD-11 licensing materials also state that mappings and crosswalks are not covered by the base WHO ICD-11 licence and may require separate written agreement. SNOMED International documents official ma...

1. Introduction Major Diagnostic Categories (MDCs) and Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) underpin prospective (case-based) payment by assigning inpatient stays to clinically coherent groups and paying a predetermined amount based largely on a relative weight (resource intensity) multiplied by a standardized/base rate, with further policy adjustments (e.g., wage index, teaching, disproportionate share, outliers). Under Medicare’s Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS), for example, the US  Office of Inspector General (OIG) in the USA describes the operational payment logic as “DRG weight × standardized amount,” with additional adjustments layered onto the base payment. Prospective payment improves cost discipline, but it also creates predictable gaming surfaces: when revenue depends on coded diagnoses/procedures and discharge status, some actors can increase payment by manipulating codes, fragmenting bills, or selecting “profitable” patients (cherry picking/lemon dropping). The ...