Co-creation of healthcare policy and healthcare innovation: strengths, weaknesses, mechanisms, and a governance model for measurable value
Abstract Co-creation (and related “co-production” and “co-design”) is increasingly used to shape healthcare policy and to accelerate innovation adoption by involving patients, citizens, clinicians, payers, regulators, and industry in joint problem framing, design, and evaluation. Conceptually, co-creation can increase the relevance, legitimacy, implementability, and equity of innovation-supporting policies, thereby improving efficiency, effectiveness, quality, and outcomes. Empirically, however, systematic reviews repeatedly conclude that outcome evidence is inconsistent, under-measured, and often limited to process or experiential benefits rather than system-level value. This essay (i) synthesizes documented strengths and weaknesses of co-creation as a policy approach, (ii) maps these to mechanisms and real-world examples across three policy levels (national/regional; payer reimbursement; hospital/provider) and four innovation types (digital health; payment models; workforce rede...